Authors and Sources


Authors

Exploration and Assessment to 1891 (Volume II, Plate 3; Concise Plate 9)
RICHARD I. RUGGLES Department of Geography, Queen's University

Territorial Evolution, 1891-1961 (Volume III, Plate 2; Concise Plate 11)
NORMAN L. NICHOLSON Deceased
ROBERT GALOIS Geography, University of British Columbia
MICHAEL STAVELEY Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland

Sources

Scientific Expeditions and Surveys, 1857-1892 (Map)

Arctic Exploration, 1851-1944 (Map)

General Exploration

There were other explorers who ventured into the arctic region between 1891 and 1961. Those shown on the map: Arctic Exploration, 1851-1944 were the first to travel to particular areas.

  • Taylor, Andrew. Geographical Discovery and Exploration in the Queen Elizabeth Islands. Geographical Branch Memoir No. 3. Department of Mines and Technical Surveys. Ottawa, 1995


    British Explorers
  • Adams, William (d 1890), captain of the whaler Arctic Alan Cooke and Clive Holland, The Exploration of Northern Canada, 500-1920: A Chronology (Toronto: Arctic History Press, 1978), p 234
  • Belcher, Edward (1799-1877) CE 1: 199; Dictionary of Canadian Biography (DCB) 10: 42-3
  • Bellot, Joseph-René (1826-53) DCB 8: 79-81
  • Collinson, Richard (1811-83) DCB 11: 198-201
  • Griffin, Jane (Lady Franklin) (1792-1875) DCB 10: 319-20
  • Inglefield, Edward Augustus (1820-94) Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) (London: Smith, Elder, 1885-1901) Suppl 22: 904-5; The Encyclopedia Americana (EA) (Danbury, Conn: Grolier, 1991), 15: 174
  • Jago, C.T. Cooke and Holland, pp 196, 206
  • Kellett, Henry (1806-75) CE 2: 1130; DCB 10: 396-7
  • Kennedy, William (1814-90) DCB 11: 470-1
  • McClintock, Francis Leopold (1819-1907) CE 2: 1256
  • Nares, George Strong (1831-1915) CE 3: 1426; EA 6: 247
  • Osborn, Sherard (1822-75) DCB 10: 561-3
  • Richards, George Henry (baptized 1819-96) DCB 12: 892-3
  • Young, Allen William (1827-1915) DCB 10: 320; 12: 955

    • Hudson's Bay Company Explorers
    The depiction of HBC explorers' routes is based on extensive research in the Hudson's Bay Company Archives of the Provincial Archives of Manitoba, especially on manuscript maps, post journals, and correspondence with company headquarters in London, and between posts.

  • Anderson, James (1812-67) DCB 9: 5-6
  • MacFarlane, Roderick (1833-1920) DCB 9: 6; 10: 276; Cooke and Holland, pp 213, 220
  • Mackinlay, James Cooke and Holland, pp 262, 297, 318
  • Pike, Warburton (ca 1861-1915) Encyclopedia Canadiana (EC) (Ottawa: Canadian Co, 1957-8)8: 205
  • Rae, John (1813-93) DCB 12: 876-9; DNB 16: 594-6
  • Stewart, James Green (1825-81) DCB 11: 854-5

    • American Explorers
  • Fisher, Elnathan B., captain of a whaler Cooke and Holland, p 230
  • Greely, Adolphus Washington (1844-1935) Dictionary of American Biography (DAB)(New York: Scribner's 1957) Suppl 1: 352-5
  • Hall, Charles Francis (1821-71) CE 2: 954; DCB 10: 327-9
  • Hayes, Isaac Israel (1832-81) DCB 11: 393-4
  • Kane, Elisha Kent (1820-57) CE 2: 1126-7; DCB 8: 448-50
  • Schwatka, Frederick (1849-92) DCB 12: 954-5; DAB 8: 481-2
  • Spicer, John O., captain of a whaler Cooke and Holland, p 244

    • Scientific expeditions

  • Bell, Robert (1841-1917) CE 1: 201
  • Boas, Franz (1858-1942) EA 4: 118
  • Drexler, Charles Cooke and Holland, p 218
  • Gordon, Andrew Robertson (1851-93) Cooke and Holland, p 252; DCB 12: 382-3
  • Hector, James (1834-1907) CE 2: 976
  • Hind, Henry Youle (1823-1907) CE 2: 988; EC 5: 128
  • Hind, William G.R. (1833-89) CE 2: 988; EC 5: 128
  • Kennicott, Robert (1835-66) DAB 5: 338-9
  • Palliser, John (1817-87) CE 3: 1610; DCB n: 661-4

    • Geological Survey of Canada

    Land-Area Reconnaissance
  • Dawson, George Mercer (1849-1901) CE 1: 573-4
  • Dowling, Donaldson B. (1858-1925) Cooke and Holland, p 264
  • McConnell, Richard George (1857-1942) EC 6: 240
  • Ord, L.R. Morris Zaslow, Reading the Rocks: The Story of the Geological Survey of Canada 1842-1872 (Ottawa: Department of Energy, Mines and Resources and Information Canada / Toronto: Macmillan, 1975)- P 120
  • Richardson, James (1810-83) EC 9: 21
  • Tyrrell, Joseph Burr (1858-1957) CE 4: 2205
  • Vennor, Henry G. (1840-84) DCB 11: 898-900

    • Western Canada Expeditions

  • Macoun, John (1831-1920) CE 2: 1280-1
  • Ogilvie, William (1849-1912) CE 3: 1561
  • Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil (1824-1902) CE 3: 1977
  • Spencer, J.W. (1851-1921) Zaslow, pp 116,133

    • Eastern Canada Expeditions

  • Cochrane, A.S. (d 1894)
  • Zaslow, p 136 Low, Albert Peter (1861-1942) CE 2:1247
  • McOuat, Walter (1842-75) Zaslow, p 124

    • Missionary journeys, Eastern Canada

  • Babel, Father Louis-François (1826-1912) Cooke and Holland, p 227
  • Petitot, Father Emilé (1838-1917) Cooke and Holland, p 224


    • Geology of British North America after Richardson, 1851 (Static Map)

  • Hall, Stanley. A New General Atlas. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1830. Pl 45
  • Richardson, John. Arctic Searching Expedition: A Journal of a Boat Voyage through
  • Rupert's Land and the Arctic Sea in Search of the Discovery Ships under Command of Sir John Franklin, with an Appendix on the Physical Geography of North America. 2 vols. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longman, 1851

    • Climate of British North America after Blodget, 1875 (Static Map)

  • Lorin Blodget's climatology maps were originally compiled and published in 1857. The map on this plate is based on the 1875 publication by Walling, who used Blodget's 1857 maps.
  • Blodget, Lorin. Climatology of the United States, and of the Temperate Latitudes of the North American Continent. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1857. Isotherm map facing p 210; isohyets (precipitation) map facing p 220
  • Walling, H.S. Tackabury's Atlas of the Dominion of Canada. Montreal, Toronto, London: George N. Tackabury, 1875. Pp 98-101

    • Prairie levels after Hector, 1857 (Static Map)

  • Palliser, John. The Journals, Detailed Reports, and Observations Relative to the Explorations by Captain Palliser ... during the years 1857,1858, 1859 and 1860. London: Parliamentary Papers, 1863. Pp 6-13
  • Palliser, John. Papers Relative to the Exploration by Captain Palliser of That Portion of British North America Which Lies Between the Northern Branch of River Saskatchewan and Rocky Mountains. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, June 1859. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1859, 1860. Repr New York: Greenwood Press, 1969

    • Natural regions of the Prairies, 1857-1859, after Palliser (Static Map)

  • Hector, James. 'Physical Features of the Central Part of British North America, with Special Reference to its Botanical Physiognomy.' Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, new series, 14, no. 11 (1861): 216-22, 230-4
  • Palliser, John. Papers Relative to the Explorations by Captain Palliser. 1859, 1860


    • Further Readings

  • Baird, Patrick D. Expeditions to the Canadian Arctic. Repr from The Beaver (Winnipeg: HBC) no. 279 (Mar 1949): 44-7; no. 280 (June 1949): 41-7; (Sep 1949): 44-8
  • Belcher, Sir Edward. The Last of the Arctic Voyages: Being a Narrative of the Expedition in H.M.S. 'Assistance,' under the Command of the Captain Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., in Search of Sir John Franklin, During the Years 1852-53-54. 2 vols. London: Lovell Reeve, 1855
  • Berton, Pierre. The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the Northwest Passage and the North Pole, 1818-1904. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1988
  • Carrière, Gaston. Explorateur pour le Christ: Louis Babel, o.m.i., 1826-1912. Montreal: Rayonnement, 1963
  • Chapman, J.D., A.L. Farley, R.I. Ruggles, and D.B. Turner, eds. British Columbia Atlas of Resources. Vancouver: British Columbia Natural Resources Conference, 1956
  • Hind, Henry Youle. Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857 and of the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition of 1858. 2 vols. London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, 1860
  • Houston, C. Stuart, ed. Arctic Ordeal: The Journal of John Richardson, Surgeon-Naturalist with Franklin 1820-1822. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1984
  • Kupsch, W.O., and W.A.S. Sarjeant, eds. History of Concepts in Precambrian Geology. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 19. Ottawa, 1979
  • Markham, Albert H. A Whaling Cruise to Baffin's Bay and the Gulf of Boothia ... London: S. Low, Marston, Low and Searle, 1875
  • Morton, Arthur S. A History of the Canadian West to 1870-1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1939; repr 1973
  • The National Atlas of Canada. 4th ed, rev. Ottawa: Department of Energy, Mines and Resources and Information Canada / Toronto: Macmillan, 1974
  • Petitot, Émile. 'Géographie de l'Athabaskaw-Mackenzie et des grands lacs du bassin arctique.' Société de Géographie (Paris) Bulletin. Ser. 6, no. 10 (1875): 5-42,126-83, 242-90
  • Rich, Edwin Ernest. The History of the Hudson's Bay Company 1670-1870. 2 vols. London: Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1958-9
  • Ruggles, Richard I. A Country So Interesting: The Hudson's Bay Company and Two Centuries of Mapping, 1670-1870. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991
  • Spry, Irene M. The Palliser Expedition: An Account of John Palliser's British North American Expedition 1857-1860. Toronto: Macmillan, 1963
  • Taylor, Andrew. Geographical Discovery and Exploration in the Queen Elizabeth Islands. Geographical Branch, Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Memoir 3. Ottawa, 1955
  • Thomson, Don W. Men and Meridians: The History of Surveying and Mapping in Canada. Vols 1, 2. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1966,1967
  • Wallace, Hugh N. 'Geographical Explorations to 1880.' In Morris Zaslow, ed. A Century of Canada's Arctic Islands: 1880-1980. Ottawa: Royal Society of Canada, 1981. Pp 15-32
  • Wallace, Hugh N. The Navy, the Company and Richard King: British Exploration in the Canadian Arctic, 1829-1860. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1980
  • Warkentin, John. The Western Interior of Canada: A Record of Geographic Discovery 1612-1917. Carleton Library no. 15. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1964
  • Warkentin, John, and Richard I. Ruggles. Manitoba Historical Atlas: A Selection of Facsimile Maps, Plans and Sketches from 1612. Winnipeg: Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, 1970
  • Wonders, William C. 'Unrolling the Map of Canada's Arctic' In Zaslow, ed. A Century of Canada's Arctic Islands. 1981. Pp 1-14